Basically you have two main types. One would be the claw type as seen in a Weaver mount or Leupold QD mounts. There is no windage adjustment in that mount. The second would be the dovetail mount. The can be had in a front dovetail only with windage adjustment in the rear or as a dual dovetail.
Generally I use the single dovetail mount on my HB rifles. That allows me to set my scope to Mechanical Zero and adjust the base for windage bore alingment. I have a small padded wrench I use to turn the forward ring to bring it to center with the bore sighter. It's usually very close. I use them on those rifles because they don't kick hard and I've seen heavy kicking rifles shake the windage screws loose. By the way, I prefer leupold bases because of the Torx head screws.
On my deer rifles I use a Leupold QD mount. Thats because I carry a spare scope for each rifle. I simply take the old one off and put the replacement on, I check it with the bore sighter for it's recorded setting.
The straight weaver mount is only used on 22,s and my shotgun.
*Detachable Top Mount Like the leupold QD, made fro quick scope change
* Detachable Top Mount Rings same as above
* Tip Off Rings Weaver claw, the screw and clamp is loosened and the scope is tipped off
* See Thru Rings A high mount ring with a hole through the base, causes lots of cheek weld problems, useless IMHO
* Sure Grip Rings =A system that helps prevent scope slipage, a problem best handled by proper manufature of the rings. I consider it a bandaid for sloppy manufature
* Tip Off Bases The base for tip off rings.
Hope that helps