Once upon a time there was the S&W .38-44 Heavy Duty and its ammunition, the .38-44 High Velocity. It was the transition between the garden variety .38 Special and the .357 Magnum; but it was a .38 Special cartridge.
There is an article in Handloader Magazine no 243 from November 2006 with loads in that category, up to 173 gr at 1200 fps.
Then there were a couple of old guys name of Elmer Keith and Skeeter Skelton who loaded really hot .38s.
There are a lot of precautions to take, including the use of really stout guns and not too many cycles with the brass, but it can be done.