A simple barrel change will often work if the cartridges share the same case head diameter, but you also have to take into account chamber pressure, so, as noted above, .45 ACP to .400 Corbon might require only a barrel, but .460 Rowland requires more major changes. 10mm to .40 S&W, or swapping the other way, might require mags specific to the cartridge. .40 S&W and .38 Super are close enough in case head dimensions, that maybe only an extractor change, in addition to the barrel and mags, is required. Ramped barrels help, as the frame feed ramp varies among calibers/cartridges; if you convert a .45 to .40, with a new barrel, slide, etc., the frame may not allow the use of both cartridges if it has to be modified during the conversion.