Choosing between the .45 Colt and the .45-70 Government often sparks passionate debate among firearms enthusiasts. Both cartridges boast a rich history and enduring popularity, but their applications and capabilities differ significantly. This comprehensive comparison explores the key distinctions between these iconic rounds, helping you determine which best suits your needs.
A Look Back: Historical Context
The .45 Colt, introduced in 1873 alongside the legendary Colt Single Action Army revolver, holds a prominent place in American history. Its relatively low pressure and manageable recoil made it suitable for civilian use and law enforcement, while its stopping power proved effective in the Wild West. The round's enduring legacy is a testament to its versatility and effectiveness in its intended role.
The .45-70 Government, on the other hand, emerged from the U.S. Army's need for a powerful cartridge during the late 19th century. Designed for the Springfield Trapdoor rifle, its substantial power made it a formidable force in both military and hunting contexts. Its heavy bullet and high pressure provided the stopping power needed to take down large game.
Ballistics: A Side-by-Side Comparison
The most significant difference lies in the sheer power. The .45-70 Government consistently outperforms the .45 Colt in terms of energy and range.
| Feature | .45 Colt | .45-70 Government |
|---|---|---|
| Bullet Weight | Typically 250-300 grains | Commonly 300-500 grains, even heavier options available |
| Muzzle Velocity | 800-1000 fps (depending on barrel length and load) | 1800-2200 fps (depending on barrel length and load) |
| Muzzle Energy | 400-600 ft-lbs | 1800-3500 ft-lbs |
| Recoil | Moderate | Substantial |
| Effective Range | Relatively short | Significantly longer |
Note: These are approximate figures and vary considerably based on ammunition manufacturer, load, and barrel length.
Recoil and Shootability: A Practical Consideration
The difference in recoil between these cartridges is considerable. The .45 Colt, especially in a revolver, is relatively mild for its caliber. The .45-70 Government, however, delivers a significant kick, even in modern rifles designed to mitigate recoil. This makes the .45-70 less suitable for newer or less experienced shooters.
Applications: Where Each Cartridge Excels
The choice between these cartridges often depends on the intended use.
When to Choose .45 Colt:
- Self-defense (in revolvers): Its manageable recoil and stopping power make it a viable option for personal defense, particularly in a revolver platform.
- Cowboy Action Shooting: The .45 Colt is a staple of Cowboy Action Shooting competitions.
- Hunting small to medium game: While not ideal for large animals, the .45 Colt can be effective for smaller game at close range.
When to Choose .45-70 Government:
- Hunting large game: Its significant power makes it suitable for hunting large game animals, including deer, elk, and even bear (with appropriate bullet selection).
- Long-range shooting (within its limitations): While not a long-range precision cartridge, it can reach further than the .45 Colt.
- Historical and collectible firearms: The .45-70 Government is often found in historic firearms, and shooting them with appropriate ammunition is a rewarding experience for collectors.
Modern Ammunition Considerations
Modern ammunition advancements have broadened the capabilities of both cartridges. While traditional lead bullets were common in the past, contemporary loads offer a wide range of bullet types, including jacketed hollow points and expanding rounds, enhancing both their accuracy and stopping power. This means you'll find options catered towards modern hunting or self-defense applications.
Conclusion
The .45 Colt and .45-70 Government represent two distinct approaches to firearm cartridge design, reflecting their origins and intended purposes. Choosing between the two requires careful consideration of your needs, experience level, and intended application. While both cartridges hold historical significance and maintain a dedicated following, the .45-70's considerably greater power should not be overlooked. The .45 Colt remains a solid choice for specific applications, but for the power and range needed for larger game or long-range shooting, the .45-70 Government remains unsurpassed.
