Choosing the right cartridge for hunting, target shooting, or even self-defense is a critical decision. This detailed comparison of the venerable .45-70 Government and the popular .308 Winchester will help you understand the strengths and weaknesses of each, allowing you to make an informed choice based on your specific needs.
Power and Ballistics: A Tale of Two Calibers
The .45-70 Government and the .308 Winchester represent distinctly different approaches to cartridge design. The .45-70, a black powder cartridge dating back to the late 19th century, delivers immense stopping power through sheer size and weight. Its large diameter bullet, typically ranging from 300 to 500 grains, delivers substantial energy at close to medium ranges. This makes it exceptionally effective on large game, even at slower velocities compared to the .308.
The .308 Winchester, on the other hand, is a modern, bottlenecked cartridge designed for higher velocity and flatter trajectory. Its smaller diameter bullet (typically between 150 and 180 grains) penetrates deeply and retains energy better at longer distances than the .45-70. This makes it a versatile choice for hunting a wider variety of game and for long-range target shooting.
Key Ballistic Differences Summarized:
| Feature | .45-70 Government | .308 Winchester |
|---|---|---|
| Caliber | .457 inch | .308 inch |
| Bullet Weight | 300-500 grains (and heavier options available) | 150-180 grains (and wider range of weights available) |
| Velocity | Relatively lower | Significantly higher |
| Range | Effective at shorter to medium ranges | Effective at longer ranges |
| Recoil | Significantly higher | Lower |
| Game Suitability | Large game (bear, elk, moose) | Medium to large game (deer, antelope, wild hogs) |
Recoil and Shootability: A Matter of Experience
The .45-70's substantial recoil is a major consideration. While manageable with proper technique and a well-fitted firearm, it can be challenging for novice shooters. This high recoil also contributes to faster shooter fatigue during extended shooting sessions.
The .308 Winchester boasts significantly less recoil, making it easier to shoot accurately and comfortably for longer periods. This lower recoil translates to better shot placement and increased accuracy, particularly advantageous for hunting and precision shooting.
Rifle Choices: Variety and Availability
Both cartridges have a wide range of rifles available, catering to different budgets and preferences. The .45-70 can be found in lever-action rifles, single-shot rifles, and even modern bolt-action rifles. Many manufacturers offer them in both traditional and more modern designs.
The .308 Winchester enjoys even broader availability, with rifles from numerous manufacturers in various actions (bolt-action, semi-automatic, etc.) and price points. This wider selection allows for greater customization and finding a rifle that perfectly fits the shooter's needs and budget.
Cost and Ammunition Availability: A Practical Consideration
Ammunition for both cartridges is readily available, although the .308 Winchester generally boasts broader availability and often at lower prices. The .45-70, especially in heavier bullet weights, can sometimes be more expensive. This difference in cost becomes more significant when considering the volume of ammunition used for practice or hunting.
Conclusion: The Right Cartridge for the Right Job
The choice between the .45-70 Government and the .308 Winchester ultimately depends on the intended application. The .45-70 offers unmatched stopping power at close to medium ranges, making it ideal for hunting large, dangerous game. However, its significant recoil and limitations at longer ranges make it less versatile than the .308.
The .308 Winchester, with its flatter trajectory, higher velocity, and lower recoil, provides greater versatility for a wider range of hunting applications and target shooting. It is a more forgiving cartridge for newer shooters and offers better accuracy at longer ranges. Consider your experience level, intended use, and the type of game you will be hunting before making your decision.
