The terms ".38" and ".38 Special" are often used interchangeably, leading to confusion among firearm enthusiasts and even seasoned shooters. While related, they represent distinct cartridges with key differences that impact performance and application. This detailed comparison will clarify the nuances between these two popular calibers.
Understanding the Caliber Designations
The ".38" designation refers to the original .38 Long Colt cartridge, adopted by the US Army in 1873. This cartridge features a relatively long, straight-walled case and a .357-inch diameter bullet (the name ".38" is a rough approximation of the bullet diameter). The .38 Special, introduced in 1898, was designed as an improvement, offering increased power and improved reliability.
Key Differences Between .38 Long Colt and .38 Special
While both cartridges use a similar diameter bullet, several critical distinctions exist:
Case Length and Capacity:
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.38 Long Colt: Possesses a longer case, allowing for a larger powder charge. However, this longer case can lead to reliability issues in firearms not specifically designed for it.
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.38 Special: Features a shorter, more robust case. This shorter case improves reliability and allows for more consistent chambering in a wider range of revolvers.
Pressure and Power:
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.38 Long Colt: Generally produces lower pressure and velocity compared to the .38 Special. Its power is suitable for self-defense at close range but less effective at longer distances.
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.38 Special: Delivers significantly higher pressure and velocity, resulting in greater stopping power and longer effective range. This makes it a more versatile option for self-defense, target practice, and even some hunting applications (small game).
Modern Ammunition Availability:
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.38 Long Colt: While still available, ammunition choices are far more limited than for .38 Special. Finding specialized loads (like jacketed hollow points) can be challenging.
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.38 Special: Offers a wide array of ammunition types, including various bullet weights, jacketed and lead bullets, and a variety of hollow-point designs for enhanced stopping power. This makes it a much more adaptable cartridge for various shooting needs.
Firearms Compatibility:
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.38 Long Colt: Many revolvers chambered in .38 Special can also fire .38 Long Colt, but firing .38 Long Colt in a .38 Special revolver is generally not recommended.
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.38 Special: Revolvers chambered in .38 Special are designed to handle the higher pressure of the cartridge and should not be fired with .38 Long Colt ammunition. This is critical for safety.
Choosing Between .38 Long Colt and .38 Special
For the vast majority of shooters, the .38 Special is the superior choice. Its greater power, wider ammunition availability, improved reliability, and broader firearm compatibility make it a much more practical and versatile cartridge. The .38 Long Colt remains relevant primarily for collectors of antique firearms or those specifically seeking ammunition for historical or limited purposes.
Conclusion
Understanding the differences between .38 Long Colt and .38 Special is crucial for firearm safety and responsible shooting. While the names might seem interchangeable, the distinctions in pressure, power, and ammunition availability are significant and demand careful consideration. Always prioritize safety and select the appropriate ammunition for your firearm. Consulting with a qualified firearms expert is strongly recommended before handling any firearm or ammunition.
